During learning, one climbing fiber input instructs plasticity that is expressed in the simple-spike responses of cerebellar Purkinje cells, and causes neural learning that may inhibit future climbing fiber instructions.
The transcription factor STAT5 mediates the increased breast cancer risk associated with a late age pregnancy, but intermittent anti-STAT5 treatment can lower this risk and thus prevent breast cancer.
Anwesha Nag, Virginia Savova ... Alexander A Gimelbrant
Active and repressive chromatin marks, asymmetrically distributed between alleles, distinguish gene bodies subject to epigenetically controlled monoallelic expression on autosomes in human cells.
Ana I Domingos, Aylesse Sordillo ... Jeffrey M Friedman
Natural sugars are preferred over artificial sweeteners because of their nutritional content, which is sensed by MCH neurons in the lateral hypothalamus.
The delayed-onset of asynchronous transmitter release seen in neurons that fire repeatedly is triggered by a different source of calcium from that which triggers synchronous transmitter release.
Reduced energy expenditure in obesity may result from reduced sensitivity to sympathetic activation due to inflammation-generated signals in adipose tissue.
S Nahuel Villegas, Michaela Rothová ... Joshua M Brickman
A signalling cascade involving PI3K/Akt1 remodels the extra-cellular matrix to achieve atypical cellular responses and control cell fate specification within the embryonic endoderm.
Arnau Sebé-Pedrós, Manuel Irimia ... Iñaki Ruiz-Trillo
The transition to the aggregative stage of Capsaspora owczarzaki, a close unicellular relative to Metazoa, is associated with significant upregulation of orthologs of genes that are important for multicellularity in metazoans.
Mutations in CHD7, which cause CHARGE syndrome, cause a reduction in FGF8 signalling and subsequent abnormalities in the cerebellar vermis in both mice and humans.
MLL4 (KMT2D) is a major mammalian H3K4 mono- and di-methyltransferase that is essential for enhancer activation, cell-type-specific gene expression, and cell differentiation.
Avihu H Yona, Zohar Bloom-Ackermann ... Yitzhak Pilpel
Experimental evolution and systematic sequence analysis of transfer RNA genes reveal that anticodon mutations provide adaptive plasticity to the translation machinery.
Cryo electron microscopy and structure-based mutagenesis reveal that the bacteriophage BPP-1 contains two of the three major recognized viral folds, one of which exhibits a new topology.
The differentiation decisions made by pluripotent cells depend on their exposure to appropriate extrinsic signals and also on morphogenetic events that control receptivity to those differentiation cues.
Erik Wijnker, Geo Velikkakam James ... Korbinian Schneeberger
A comprehensive and genome-wide description of the genomic make-up and frequency of meiotic recombination in Arabidopsis thaliana reveals regional preferences, including nucleosome-free regions, and two associated recombination motifs.
The signaling molecule Frizzled3 plays a part in the development of the nervous system by controlling the ability of motor neurons to form connections with distant target muscles.
Bridget R Kulasekara, Cassandra Kamischke ... Samuel I Miller
Real time measurements of c-di-GMP in individual cells reveal an unexpected mechanism by which the chemotaxis machinery controls c-di-GMP heterogeneity, thereby regulating flagellar-based motility.
Stephen R Daley, Kristen M Coakley ... Jeroen P Roose
A single point mutation in a Ras activator leads to aberrant constitutive mTOR signaling in peripheral T cells that consequently accumulate as abnormal T helper cells and stimulate the production of autoantibodies by B cells.
Novel spatial representations by hippocampal cellular assemblies develop on the framework of preconfigured hippocampal networks whose homeostatic synaptic reorganization is accelerated by prior experience and CA3 NMDAR-dependent plasticity.
Smita Cherry, Eugene Jennifer Jin ... P Robin Hiesinger
Mutations that reduce the functioning of rab7 may underlie the degeneration of sensory and motor nerves in Charcot-Marie-Tooth 2B disease, which suggests increasing endolysosomal function as a therapy.
A combination of phylogenetic and biochemical analyses suggest that some unexpected variations in the synthesis of isoprenoids may be widespread across all three domains of life.
The major evolutionary routes to drug resistance in Salmonella Typhi are associated with fitness benefits, not fitness costs, implying that prudent antimicrobial use will have no effect as a public health intervention in controlling typhoid fever.
TNF-α treatment induces phosphorylation and cytoplasmic translocation of the retinoblastoma protein, which regulates cytoskeletal organization in skeletal muscle cells.
Computer simulations of interaural time difference decoders show that heterogeneous tuning of binaural neurons leads to accurate sound localization in natural environments.
A normally cytoplasmic deacetylase, Hdac6, localizes to the nucleus in embryonic stem cells, where it regulates the essential Tip60-p400 chromatin remodeling complex.
Sadeem Ahmad, Satya Brata Routh ... Rajan Sankaranarayanan
Structural biology has elucidated the mechanism of a configuration-specific enzyme that decouples D-amino acids from the translational machinery and, therefore, is involved in the enforcement of homochirality during protein synthesis.