Retrograde tracing of the neural circuits that control movement of the jaw and tongue reveals how shared premotor neurons help to ensure coordinated muscle activity.
Overcoming image-processing problems in the analysis of the ClpB chaperone provides a new structural model and regulatory mechanism, based on clear density for the coiled-coil domain and supported by various biochemical data.
Young Eun Choi, Yunfeng Pan ... Dipanjan Chowdhury
MicroRNAs tightly control the cellular level of homologous recombination (HR) factors in the G1 phase, and failure of this control system results in an ectopic increase in HR proteins in G1 cells leading to impaired DNA repair.
Phosphorylation of Spc110 N-terminal domain encompassing conserved motifs and its interaction with conserved GCP3 N-terminal domain regulate the oligomerization of gamma-tubulin small complexes (γ-TuSCs).
Salinamide A exerts antibacterial activity by binding to the bridge-helix cap of bacterial RNA polymerase and allosterically inhibiting nucleotide addition
Hox genes are activated sequentially and, at the same time, undergo a transition from an inactive to an active chromatin compartment, most likely to prevent posterior genes being activated too early.
Pairwise combinations of growth-promoting genes regulating distinct cellular mechanisms lead to synergistic effects on leaf growth, and hence greatly increased leaf size.
Andrei S Avanesov, Siming Ma ... Vadim N Gladyshev
Aging is a process characterized by gradual metabolome remodeling, deceleration of the remodeling in late life and under conditions that extend lifespan, and a mortality-associated pattern of cumulative damage.
Analyzing single molecules reveals that Pif1 family helicases periodically patrol DNA, which may explain this enzyme's ability to suppress genome instability at G-quadruplex motifs and transcriptional RNA-DNA hybrids (R-loops).
A reconstituted system has been developed that self-organizes into dynamic actin cortices capable of spontaneous polarization, similar to the initial cortical polarization observed in cells during embryogenesis and development.
The repair of spontaneous DNA damage can introduce mutators that lead to further genetic changes, which could underlie evolutionary change, disease and aging.
Systems level modeling of cyanobacterial mechanism for concentrating carbon dioxide shows optimal organization and enzymatic activity for enhanced carbon fixation.
A long non-coding RNA removes the transcriptional repressor p50 to regulate recruitment of co-activator p300 and RNA Polymerase II complexes to activate the COX-2 gene in human mammary epithelial cells and macrophages.
The elongation rate of RNA Polymerase II varies greatly between and along genes, as this enzyme accelerates from stable pausing to rapid elongation within genes, and is influenced by CG-content, exons and chromatin.
HIV-1 viral protein u (Vpu) can stimulate novel versions of canonical interactions with the clathrin adaptor AP1 to counteract the host antiviral protein BST2.
Jerome C Nwachukwu, Sathish Srinivasan ... Kendall W Nettles
Anti-inflammatory effects of resveratrol are mediated by the estrogen receptor to coordinate a complex array of transcriptional coregulators, suggesting that estrogenic effects must be considered in the complex polypharmacology of resveratrol.
Ivana Petrovska, Elisabeth Nüske ... Simon Alberti
A starvation-induced drop in cytosolic pH promotes assembly of budding yeast glutamine synthetase into enzymatically inactive filaments that function as enzyme storage depots.
Andrew Anand Brown, Alfonso Buil ... Richard Durbin
Multiple replicated examples of epistasis affecting gene expression in humans are identified, some explaining a substantial proportion of the variation in expression.
Brassinosteroids signal through a pathway involving GSK3-like kinases and the WER-GL3/EGL3-TTG1 transcription factor complex to determine the fate of cells in the root epidermis.
Cardiac progenitors remain undifferentiated and expansive in the second pharyngeal arch that serves as a microenvironment, and Numb and Numblike are required for their renewal.
Lentiviral protein transduction offers a new approach for administration of custom-designed nucleases, leading to high-efficacy targeted gene editing and reduced off-target activity after virus-directed delivery of programmable nuclease proteins.
Sandra R Richardson, Iñigo Narvaiza ... John V Moran
Combining in vitro and in vivo assays demonstrates that the cytidine deaminase APOBEC3A can inhibit LINE-1 retrotransposition by deaminating transiently exposed single-strand DNA that arises during the process of LINE-1 integration.
Philip Bejon, Thomas N Williams ... Steffen Borrmann
Malaria 'hotspots' can be identified that range in size from a few homesteads to a village, and it will be necessary to eliminate hotspots at varying scales as we progress towards eliminating malaria.
A protein called SIR-2.1 helps to protect worms from the effects of aging by regulating metabolic processes that would otherwise generate damaging reactive oxygen species.
The reconstruction of damaged structures during regeneration requires cell reprogramming mediated by the up regulation of the JNK pathway and the transient debilitation of the epigenetic control mechanism.
The cyclic-peptide antibiotic GE23077 inhibits bacterial RNA polymerase through a novel target that exhibits low susceptibility to target-based resistance and that enables synthesis of bipartite inhibitors that are exceptionally potent and refractory to target-based resistance.
Leonardo Gastón Guilgur, Pedro Prudêncio ... Rui Gonçalo Martinho
The need for efficient pre-RNA splicing during early embryonic development of Drosophila indicates that the constraints imposed by the cell cycle are a force capable of driving changes in Eukaryotic gene architecture.
Olga Ostrovskaya, Keqiang Xie ... Kirill A Martemyanov
A critical regulator of inhibitory neurotransmitter signaling in the hippocampus has been identified in experiments on mice and been shown to play essential role in synaptic plasticity and memory.
Marlen Zschätzsch, Carlos Oliva ... Bassem A Hassan
Asymmetric localization of the receptor EGFR within branches of axons is required to establish the precise wiring of neuronal networks within the Drosophila brain.
Arun Sampathkumar, Pawel Krupinski ... Elliot M Meyerowitz
In the Arabidopsis epidermis, the internal mechanical stress of a cell competes with the external stress to control microtubule behavior, providing a framework to understand the mechanical feedbacks that underlie plant morphogenesis.
In vitro reconstitution of mRNA motility reveals the basis of directionally biased motion by groups of motors, their response to potential obstacles, and the consequences of reaching microtubule ends.
Steven Henikoff, Srinivas Ramachandran ... Jorja G Henikoff
A stable tetrameric nucleosome occupies the central segment of each ∼120-bp budding yeast centromere in two rotational phases of both reflectional orientations in vivo.
Alexander M Jones, Jonas ÅH Danielson ... Wolf B Frommer
Fluorescent sensors for the hormone abscisic acid have been developed using a high-throughput platform, and used to monitor hormone dynamics in plant roots and leaves.
Karen E Tkach, Debashis Barik ... Grégoire Altan-Bonnet
Experiment-driven quantitative model of IL-2 secretion demonstrates how T cells integrate their digital antigen responses into an analog-scaled output.
Jessica E Scholey, Stanley Nithianantham ... Jawdat Al-Bassam
The Bipolar Assembly domain of kinesin-5 comprises an anti-parallel four-helix bundle, which explains how kinesin-5 subunits assemble into bipolar tetramers with two motile ends that transmit forces while crosslinking and sliding adjacent microtubules during mitosis.
Max Emanuel Harner, Ann-Katrin Unger ... Walter Neupert
Interactions between Aim24 and the mitochondrial outer and inner membrane contact site complex (MICOS) are essential for mitochondrial ultrastructure, lipid composition and oxidative phosphorylation.
Dorothy K Sojka, Beatrice Plougastel-Douglas ... Wayne M Yokoyama
Natural killer cells that were commonly thought to circulate around the body can actually reside in distinct tissues, such as in the liver, skin or uterus, and do not re-circulate.
Contrary to the common belief that cognitive event-related potentials are generated by local activity within the cerebral cortex, it is shown that some of these potentials are modulated by subcortical inputs.
Worm holocentromeres show a polycentric distribution, with each site containing a single centromeric nucleosome and also being targeted by multiple transcription factors.
Erich G Chapman, Stephanie L Moon ... Jeffrey S Kieft
The Dengue virus contains discretely folded RNA structures that confer the ability to resist a powerful host cell enzyme and produce a disease-inducing noncoding RNA.
Clifford A Froelich, Sukhyun Kang ... Eric J Enemark
The crystal structure of the MCM helicase bound to single-stranded DNA reveals a binding motif that is critical for cell viability, helicase activation and DNA replication.
No single molecular change is uniquely necessary to cause neuropathic changes in primary afferent excitability; multiple different changes are sufficient.
A novel innate defense mechanism of cell lysis involves the coordinated oligomerization of a defensin by interaction with the membrane lipid, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate.
