July 2016

Cover articles

    1. Developmental Biology

    The ancient origins of lubricated joints

    Amjad Askary, Joanna Smeeton ... J Gage Crump
    1. Neuroscience

    Eliminating synapses during development

    Tyne W Miller-Fleming, Sarah C Petersen ... David M Miller III
    1. Computational and Systems Biology
    2. Neuroscience

    Exploring the ins and outs of breathing

    David Forsberg, Zachi Horn ... Eric Herlenius

Highlights controls:

Research articles

    1. Developmental Biology
    2. Chromosomes and Gene Expression

    mRNA poly(A)-tail changes specified by deadenylation broadly reshape translation in Drosophila oocytes and early embryos

    Stephen W Eichhorn, Alexander O Subtelny ... David P Bartel
    Profiling of mRNA poly(A)-tail lengths and translational efficiencies provides new insights into posttranscriptional gene regulation in early Drosophila development.
    1. Cell Biology

    Spatial control of translation repression and polarized growth by conserved NDR kinase Orb6 and RNA-binding protein Sts5

    Illyce Nuñez, Marbelys Rodriguez Pino ... Fulvia Verde
    NDR kinase Orb6 prevents RNP granule assembly and translational repression by promoting Sts5 association with 14-3-3 protein Rad24 to spatially control polarized cell growth.
  1. Eph and Ephrin function in dispersal and epithelial insertion of pigmented immunocytes in sea urchin embryos

    Oliver A Krupke, Ivona Zysk ... Robert D Burke
    Eph receptor signaling commonly excludes migrating embryonic cells from regions of high ligand density; however, in sea urchin embryos pigmented immunocytes are attracted to regions expressing high levels of Ephrin.
    1. Plant Biology

    A host basal transcription factor is a key component for infection of rice by TALE-carrying bacteria

    Meng Yuan, Yinggen Ke ... Shiping Wang
    Bacteria use the transcription factor binding region of their transcription activator-like effectors to hijack host basal transcription factor to cause rice diseases by activating host susceptibility genes.
    1. Chromosomes and Gene Expression

    Trisomy 21 consistently activates the interferon response

    Kelly D Sullivan, Hannah C Lewis ... Joaquín M Espinosa
    Hyperactive interferon signaling is a hallmark of trisomy 21 and may contribute to many of the comorbidities associated with Down syndrome.
    1. Cell Biology
    2. Chromosomes and Gene Expression

    The histone H3K9 demethylase KDM3A promotes anoikis by transcriptionally activating pro-apoptotic genes BNIP3 and BNIP3L

    Victoria E Pedanou, Stéphane Gobeil ... Michael R Green
    A large-scale RNA interference screen uncovers a new transcriptional regulatory program involving the histone H3 demethylase KDM3A, which mediates detachment-induced apoptosis (anoikis) in breast epithelial cells.
    1. Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics
    2. Computational and Systems Biology

    Antiparallel protocadherin homodimers use distinct affinity- and specificity-mediating regions in cadherin repeats 1-4

    John M Nicoludis, Bennett E Vogt ... Rachelle Gaudet
    Clustered and non-clustered protocadherins form antiparallel homodimers in which distinct regions of the extended interface demonstrate a division of labor between driving affinity and determining specificity.
    1. Neuroscience

    Tagging motor memories with transcranial direct current stimulation allows later artificially-controlled retrieval

    Daichi Nozaki, Atsushi Yokoi ... Jean-Jacques Orban de Xivry
    Noninvasive brain stimulation can artificially tag and retrieve human motor memories by altering the background activity patterns of the sensorimotor cortex.
    1. Neuroscience

    Protein arginine methylation facilitates KCNQ channel-PIP2 interaction leading to seizure suppression

    Hyun-Ji Kim, Myong-Ho Jeong ... Hana Cho
    The PRMT1 protein mediates arginine methylation of KCNQ2 channels to control neuronal excitability.
    1. Chromosomes and Gene Expression

    Tissue damage drives co-localization of NF-κB, Smad3, and Nrf2 to direct Rev-erb sensitive wound repair in mouse macrophages

    Dawn Z Eichenfield, Ty Dale Troutman ... Christopher K Glass
    Combinatorial signaling leads to transcription factor co-localization at Rev-erb sensitive enhancers, enabling a diversified cellular response to complex stimuli.
    1. Cancer Biology
    2. Cell Biology

    Different promoter affinities account for specificity in MYC-dependent gene regulation

    Francesca Lorenzin, Uwe Benary ... Elmar Wolf
    Differences in promoter affinity and MYC levels explain distinct expression profiles induced by physiological and oncogenic MYC.
    1. Epidemiology and Global Health

    A century of trends in adult human height

    NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)
    Height in early adulthood is an indicator that integrates across different dimensions of sustainable human development with links to health and longevity, nutrition, education and economic productivity.
    1. Neuroscience

    A deleterious Nav1.1 mutation selectively impairs telencephalic inhibitory neurons derived from Dravet Syndrome patients

    Yishan Sun, Sergiu P Paşca ... Ricardo E Dolmetsch
    A human cellular model of a prototypical form of intractable childhood epilepsy supports selective impairment of inhibitory neurons as a key pathophysiological mechanism.
    1. Biochemistry and Chemical Biology
    2. Chromosomes and Gene Expression

    Opposing roles for DNA replication initiator proteins ORC1 and CDC6 in control of Cyclin E gene transcription

    Manzar Hossain, Bruce Stillman
    Two related DNA replication initiation proteins contribute to the decision of whether to enter a new round of the cell division cycle or enter into a period of proliferative quiescence.
    1. Biochemistry and Chemical Biology
    2. Cell Biology

    A filter at the entrance of the Golgi that selects vesicles according to size and bulk lipid composition

    Maud Magdeleine, Romain Gautier ... Bruno Antonny
    The golgin GMAP-210 captures vesicles at the cis Golgi by merely recognizing the high curvature and lipid unsaturation level of transport vesicles.
    1. Neuroscience

    Object vision to hand action in macaque parietal, premotor, and motor cortices

    Stefan Schaffelhofer, Hansjörg Scherberger
    The cortical grasping circuit separates but shares visual and motor processes to transform object attributes into appropriate hand movements.
    1. Neuroscience

    Microglia contribute to circuit defects in Mecp2 null mice independent of microglia-specific loss of Mecp2 expression

    Dorothy P Schafer, Christopher T Heller ... Beth Stevens
    In mouse models of Rett Syndrome, global loss of the Mecp2 gene induces microglia to engulf excess synapses, while microglia-specific loss or gain of Mecp2 has little impact on disease.
    1. Neuroscience

    Multiplexed coding by cerebellar Purkinje neurons

    Sungho Hong, Mario Negrello ... Erik De Schutter
    Cerebellar Purkinje neurons use a multiplexed simple spike code combining synchrony/spike time and firing rate, with each component encoding distinct information about movements such as motion onset timing and kinematics.
    1. Cancer Biology

    Sam68/KHDRBS1 is critical for colon tumorigenesis by regulating genotoxic stress-induced NF-κB activation

    Kai Fu, Xin Sun ... Fengyi Wan
    The nuclear protein Sam68 plays a role in the genotoxic stress-initiated "nuclear to cytoplasmic" activation of NF-κB and is involved in the development and survival of colon cancer.
    1. Neuroscience

    Mesencephalic representations of recent experience influence decision making

    John A Thompson, Jamie D Costabile, Gidon Felsen
    Activity in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus reflects the choices and outcomes of previous trials in a decision making task, and affects upcoming choices.
    1. Computational and Systems Biology
    2. Neuroscience

    Integrative neuromechanics of crawling in D. melanogaster larvae

    Cengiz Pehlevan, Paolo Paoletti, L Mahadevan
    An integrative model of coordinated crawling in fruit fly maggots links neuromuscular dynamics to body-substrate mechanics in the presence of proprioceptive feedback.
    1. Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics

    Mechanistic signs of double-barreled structure in a fluoride ion channel

    Nicholas B Last, Ludmila Kolmakova-Partensky ... Christopher Miller
    Combining crystal structures with single-pore analysis of Fluc-family fluoride channel mutants demonstrates that Fluc channels have two separate fluoride ion permeation pathways within the channel complex.
    1. Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics
    2. Neuroscience

    Definition of two agonist types at the mammalian cold-activated channel TRPM8

    Annelies Janssens, Maarten Gees ... Thomas Voets
    Two natural cooling agents activate the cold-activated channel TRPM8 via two opposite mechanisms, evoking distinct electrical responses in cold-sensitive neurons.
    1. Neuroscience

    Visual landmarks sharpen grid cell metric and confer context specificity to neurons of the medial entorhinal cortex

    José Antonio Pérez-Escobar, Olga Kornienko ... Kevin Allen
    The firing rate of MEC neurons conveys information about visual landmarks.
    1. Biochemistry and Chemical Biology
    2. Microbiology and Infectious Disease

    Structural elucidation of a novel mechanism for the bacteriophage-based inhibition of the RNA degradosome

    An Van den Bossche, Steven W Hardwick ... Rob Lavigne
    A bacteriophage remodels the RNA metabolism machinery of a bacterial host to sequentially clear host transcripts and then stabilize the viral RNA.
    1. Cell Biology
    2. Chromosomes and Gene Expression

    Circadian RNA expression elicited by 3’-UTR IRAlu-paraspeckle associated elements

    Manon Torres, Denis Becquet ... Anne-Marie François-Bellan
    Circadian gene expression can be driven by a post-transcriptional mechanism involving circadian mRNA nuclear retention by paraspeckle nuclear bodies.
    1. Neuroscience

    Calcium imaging with genetically encoded indicators in behaving primates

    Eyal Seidemann, Yuzhi Chen ... Boris V Zemelman
    The link between the activity of large populations of cortical neurons and single neuron responses is examined in primates using a new optical-genetic method.
    1. Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine
    2. Microbiology and Infectious Disease

    Pathogenic shifts in endogenous microbiota impede tissue regeneration via distinct activation of TAK1/MKK/p38

    Christopher P Arnold, M Shane Merryman ... Alejandro Sánchez Alvarado
    An innate immune system signaling pathway in planarians has a dual role: it enhances apoptosis during bacterial infection, but represses apoptosis during tissue regeneration in the absence of infection.
    1. Neuroscience

    Dopaminergic neurons write and update memories with cell-type-specific rules

    Yoshinori Aso, Gerald M Rubin
    Building on previous work (Aso et al., 2014a; Aso et al., 2014b), cell-type-specific drivers and optogenetics are used to control the local release of dopamine and reveal that distinct learning rules are implemented in parallel memory units.
    1. Cell Biology
    2. Immunology and Inflammation

    Calcium influx through CRAC channels controls actin organization and dynamics at the immune synapse

    Catherine A Hartzell, Katarzyna I Jankowska ... Richard S Lewis
    By restricting actin polymerization to the perimeter of the immune synapse and promoting depolymerization, calcium influx drives centripetal actin flow, which confines CRAC channels and the endoplasmic reticulum to the synapse center.
    1. Neuroscience

    Persistent neural activity in auditory cortex is related to auditory working memory in humans and nonhuman primates

    Ying Huang, Artur Matysiak ... Michael Brosch
    The auditory cortex temporarily stores task-relevant information by persistently changed neuronal activity of single neurons and of neuronal populations.
    1. Neuroscience

    Subretinal mononuclear phagocytes induce cone segment loss via IL-1β

    Chiara M Eandi, Hugo Charles Messance ... Florian Sennlaub
    IL-1β release from macrophages might be responsible for the unexplained cone segment loss in retinal degenerative diseases that are associated with subretinal inflammation, such as retinitis pigmentosa or geographic atrophy.
    1. Cell Biology

    Ceapins are a new class of unfolded protein response inhibitors, selectively targeting the ATF6α branch

    Ciara M Gallagher, Carolina Garri ... Peter Walter
    Ceapins enable selective pharmacological inhibition of the cytoprotective transcriptional response to endoplasmic reticulum stress through ATF6α without affecting other branches of the unfolded protein response.
    1. Cell Biology

    Ceapins inhibit ATF6α signaling by selectively preventing transport of ATF6α to the Golgi apparatus during ER stress

    Ciara M Gallagher, Peter Walter
    Ceapins specifically inhibit ATF6α signaling by preventing its transport to the Golgi during endoplasmic reticulum stress.
    1. Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics

    Monochromatic multicomponent fluorescence sedimentation velocity for the study of high-affinity protein interactions

    Huaying Zhao, Yan Fu ... Peter Schuck
    Fluorescence detected sedimentation velocity offers a new method for studying heterogeneous protein interactions in solution by exploiting characteristic temporal signal modulations of photoswitchable fluorescent proteins.
    1. Developmental Biology

    Genetic dissection of the Transcription Factor code controlling serial specification of muscle identities in Drosophila

    Laurence Dubois, Jean-Louis Frendo ... Alain Vincent
    Lineage-specific regulatory loops involving evolutionarily conserved myogenic Transcription Factors control muscle identity specification in Drosophila.
    1. Biochemistry and Chemical Biology
    2. Cell Biology

    Small molecule proteostasis regulators that reprogram the ER to reduce extracellular protein aggregation

    Lars Plate, Christina B Cooley ... Jeffery W Kelly
    Small molecule proteostasis regulators that activate the unfolded protein response transcription factor ATF6 reduce the secretion of amyloid disease-associated proteins.
    1. Biochemistry and Chemical Biology
    2. Chromosomes and Gene Expression

    Constitutive turnover of histone H2A.Z at yeast promoters requires the preinitiation complex

    Michael Tramantano, Lu Sun ... Ed Luk
    The transcription machinery is required for the disassembly of the promoter-proximal H2A.Z nucleosome, contributing to the constitutive histone turnover at yeast promoters.
    1. Immunology and Inflammation

    Epidermal RAF prevents allergic skin disease

    Josipa Raguz, Ines Jeric ... Manuela Baccarini
    In keratinocytes, the BRAF and RAF1 proteins work independently to balance the activity of mitogenic and stress kinase cascades and uphold the mechanical and immunological barrier functions of the epidermis.
    1. Ecology

    Travel fosters tool use in wild chimpanzees

    Thibaud Gruber, Klaus Zuberbühler, Christof Neumann
    Travel has a major influence on tool use in wild chimpanzees, suggesting that tool use reduced travel costs during hominid evolution.
    1. Developmental Biology

    Heterogeneity and stochastic growth regulation of biliary epithelial cells dictate dynamic epithelial tissue remodeling

    Kenji Kamimoto, Kota Kaneko ... Tohru Itoh
    Clonal tracing in vivo and quantitative modeling in silico reveal a unique mode of tissue growth and structural remodeling of the biliary system, providing an insight into the cellular basis for robust liver regeneration.
    1. Neuroscience

    Clusters of synaptic inputs on dendrites of layer 5 pyramidal cells in mouse visual cortex

    Onur Gökçe, Tobias Bonhoeffer, Volker Scheuss
    A combination of optogenetics and 2-photon calcium imaging reveals spatial prerequisites for non-linear synaptic summation within a defined cortical connection.
    1. Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics

    Cooperative unfolding of distinctive mechanoreceptor domains transduces force into signals

    Lining Ju, Yunfeng Chen ... Cheng Zhu
    New biophysical methods and analyses visualize in real-time a chain of coordinated single-molecular events on a living cell, enabling the inner workings of a mechanoreceptor important to biology to be elucidated.
    1. Developmental Biology

    Ancient origin of lubricated joints in bony vertebrates

    Amjad Askary, Joanna Smeeton ... J Gage Crump
    Zebrafish have lubricated joints similar to ours and are a tractable model for arthritis research.
    1. Biochemistry and Chemical Biology
    2. Chromosomes and Gene Expression

    Small-molecule inhibitors identify the RAD52-ssDNA interaction as critical for recovery from replication stress and for survival of BRCA2 deficient cells

    Sarah R Hengel, Eva Malacaria ... Maria Spies
    Small molecule inhibitors identified in a biophysical high-throughout screening assay confirm the importance of the interaction between single-stranded DNA and the protein RAD52 for the survival of BRCA2-depleted cells.
    1. Chromosomes and Gene Expression

    Transcription-coupled genetic instability marks acute lymphoblastic leukemia structural variation hotspots

    Merja Heinäniemi, Tapio Vuorenmaa ... Olli Lohi
    Convergent transcription and stalling of transcription are enriched at DNA breakpoints found in acute lymphoblastic leukemia and associate with DNA structures and sequences that mediate genetic instability.
    1. Neuroscience
    2. Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics

    Ring-like oligomers of Synaptotagmins and related C2 domain proteins

    Maria N Zanetti, Oscar D Bello ... Shyam S Krishnakumar
    A model for synchronous neurotransmitter release suggests that when not in the presence of calcium ions, Synaptotagmin proteins form ring-like structures between the vesicle and plasma membrane that prevent spontaneous fusion.
    1. Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics

    Ribosome•RelA structures reveal the mechanism of stringent response activation

    Anna B Loveland, Eugene Bah ... Andrei A Korostelev
    Cryo-EM structures of 70S•RelA ribosome complexes reveal how cognate deacyl-tRNA activates RelA.
    1. Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics
    2. Biochemistry and Chemical Biology

    Structural mechanism of ligand activation in human calcium-sensing receptor

    Yong Geng, Lidia Mosyak ... Qing R Fan
    L-amino acids are agonists of calcium-sensing receptor, and act jointly with calcium and phosphate ions to control receptor function.
    1. Neuroscience

    Development of pacemaker properties and rhythmogenic mechanisms in the mouse embryonic respiratory network

    Marc Chevalier, Natalia Toporikova ... Muriel Thoby-Brisson
    Pacemaker neurons are present in the preBötC circuitry of mouse embryos and their role in driving respiratory network activity changes during the critical period immediately before birth.
    1. Cell Biology
    2. Immunology and Inflammation

    NaLi-H1: A universal synthetic library of humanized nanobodies providing highly functional antibodies and intrabodies

    Sandrine Moutel, Nicolas Bery ... Franck Perez
    A fully synthetic library of humanized single domain antibodies yields in vitro high affinity antibodies usable in cell biology and translational projects.
    1. Cell Biology
    2. Neuroscience

    Proneurotrophin-3 promotes cell cycle withdrawal of developing cerebellar granule cell progenitors via the p75 neurotrophin receptor

    Juan Pablo Zanin, Elizabeth Abercrombie, Wilma J Friedman
    The p75 neurotrophin receptor regulates when granule neuron progenitors exit the cell cycle in the developing cerebellum.
    1. Neuroscience

    Uncertainty leads to persistent effects on reach representations in dorsal premotor cortex

    Brian M Dekleva, Pavan Ramkumar ... Lee E Miller
    When Rhesus monkeys plan reaching movements of which they are not fully confident, a particular area of the brain represents both the chosen action as well as alternate movements, perhaps as an aid for error correction or learning.
    1. Cancer Biology
    2. Medicine

    Diagnostic potential of tumor DNA from ovarian cyst fluid

    Yuxuan Wang, Karin Sundfeldt ... Bert Vogelstein
    Mutations in the DNA of ovarian cyst fluid can inform the need for surgery and indicate the type of neoplastic lesion present.
    1. Biochemistry and Chemical Biology
    2. Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics

    Crystal structure of an HIV assembly and maturation switch

    Jonathan M Wagner, Kaneil K Zadrozny ... Owen Pornillos
    Folding and unfolding of a 6-helix bundle controls HIV assembly and maturation.
    1. Epidemiology and Global Health
    2. Microbiology and Infectious Disease

    Updates to the zoonotic niche map of Ebola virus disease in Africa

    David M Pigott, Anoushka I Millear ... Simon I Hay
    Building on previous work (Pigott et al. 2014), estimates of areas of potential transmission of Ebola virus are revised and updated to provide a contemporary map for use by researchers and policymakers.
    1. Cancer Biology

    The selective estrogen receptor downregulator GDC-0810 is efficacious in diverse models of ER+ breast cancer

    James D Joseph, Beatrice Darimont ... Jeffrey H Hager
    GDC-0810 is a novel, orally bioavailable SERD that exhibits robust pre-clinical activity in models of ER+ breast cancer, including models of tamoxifen resistance, and those that express the ERα mutations, ER.Y537S and ER.D538G.
    1. Chromosomes and Gene Expression

    Wiz binds active promoters and CTCF-binding sites and is required for normal behaviour in the mouse

    Luke Isbel, Lexie Prokopuk ... Emma Whitelaw
    Though generally considered a transcriptional repressor, Wiz may also function as a transcriptional activator in the mouse brain and is required for normal behaviour.
    1. Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics
    2. Cell Biology

    Talin-KANK1 interaction controls the recruitment of cortical microtubule stabilizing complexes to focal adhesions

    Benjamin P Bouchet, Rosemarie E Gough ... Anna Akhmanova
    Interactions between talin1 and a cortical scaffolding protein KANK1 control microtubule stabilization in the vicinity of focal adhesions.
    1. Neuroscience

    The DEG/ENaC cation channel protein UNC-8 drives activity-dependent synapse removal in remodeling GABAergic neurons

    Tyne W Miller-Fleming, Sarah C Petersen ... David M Miller III
    The protein UNC-8 is a neuronal activity sensor that triggers the elimination of synapses during development of the nervous system.
    1. Biochemistry and Chemical Biology
    2. Chromosomes and Gene Expression

    MutSα maintains the mismatch repair capability by inhibiting PCNA unloading

    Yoshitaka Kawasoe, Toshiki Tsurimoto ... Tatsuro S Takahashi
    Biochemical analysis in Xenopus egg extracts reveals that the MutSα mismatch sensor retains the DNA-bound replication clamp to maintain a post-replicative temporal window permissive to strand-specific repair of mismatches.
    1. Biochemistry and Chemical Biology
    2. Neuroscience

    Complementary shifts in photoreceptor spectral tuning unlock the full adaptive potential of ultraviolet vision in birds

    Matthew B Toomey, Olle Lind ... Joseph C Corbo
    Birds that see ultraviolet light tune the sensitivity of their short-wavelength photoreceptors with colored filters to maximize the number of colors they can see.
    1. Cancer Biology
    2. Cell Biology

    The anticancer natural product ophiobolin A induces cytotoxicity by covalent modification of phosphatidylethanolamine

    Christopher Chidley, Sunia A Trauger ... Erin K O'Shea
    An unbiased genetic screen in human cells shows that the molecular target of a natural product with promising anticancer activity is a membrane phospholipid.
    1. Developmental Biology
    2. Plant Biology

    Integration of light and metabolic signals for stem cell activation at the shoot apical meristem

    Anne Pfeiffer, Denis Janocha ... Jan U Lohmann
    TOR kinase guides the transition of plant stem cells from the dormant embryonic state to the active adult state by integrating light and metabolic signals.
    1. Evolutionary Biology

    Adaptation in protein fitness landscapes is facilitated by indirect paths

    Nicholas C Wu, Lei Dai ... Ren Sun
    The extra dimensions in protein sequence space open up indirect paths of adaptation and alleviate the constraint on the selective accessibility to high fitness genotypes.
    1. Computational and Systems Biology

    Neural oscillations as a signature of efficient coding in the presence of synaptic delays

    Matthew Chalk, Boris Gutkin, Sophie Denève
    Neural oscillations are a necessary consequence of efficient coding of sensory signals by a spiking neural network, limited by synaptic delays and noise.
    1. Cancer Biology

    Inactivation of oncogenic cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase 4D by miR-139-5p in response to p53 activation

    Bo Cao, Kebing Wang ... Hua Lu
    The tumor suppressor p53 prevents tumor cell growth by employing a small RNA called miR-139-5p to inhibit the activity of an tumorigenic protein, cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase 4D.
    1. Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics
    2. Computational and Systems Biology

    Molecular dynamics-based refinement and validation for sub-5 Å cryo-electron microscopy maps

    Abhishek Singharoy, Ivan Teo ... Klaus Schulten
    New hybrid structure determination methods leveraging the inherent biophysical properties of a macromolecule through molecular dynamics simulations provide accurate and cost-efficient ways of achieving atomic structures from high resolution cryo-electron density maps.
    1. Cell Biology
    2. Neuroscience

    Reconstruction of genetically identified neurons imaged by serial-section electron microscopy

    Maximilian Joesch, David Mankus ... Joshua R Sanes
    A new pipeline of electron microscopy techniques reduces the time required to visualize genetically targeted neurons and their connections by two orders of magnitude.
    1. Neuroscience

    Parallel encoding of sensory history and behavioral preference during Caenorhabditis elegans olfactory learning

    Christine E Cho, Chantal Brueggemann ... Cornelia I Bargmann
    Odor conditioning induces two changes in olfactory neurons: non-associative sensory adaptation to odor history, and associative, bidirectional changes in behavioral output that are oppositely regulated in aversive and appetitive learning.
    1. Neuroscience

    A large fraction of neocortical myelin ensheathes axons of local inhibitory neurons

    Kristina D Micheva, Dylan Wolman ... Davi D Bock
    Parvalbumin-positive inhibitory neurons in the cortex have insulating myelin sheathes, despite forming only short-range connections.
    1. Biochemistry and Chemical Biology
    2. Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics

    The proposed channel-enzyme transient receptor potential melastatin 2 does not possess ADP ribose hydrolase activity

    Iordan Iordanov, Csaba Mihályi ... László Csanády
    TRPM2 is simply a ligand gated channel and does not to possess enzymatic activity, even though it shows sequence similarity to Nudix hydrolases.
    1. Developmental Biology
    2. Plant Biology

    A stochastic multicellular model identifies biological watermarks from disorders in self-organized patterns of phyllotaxis

    Yassin Refahi, Géraldine Brunoud ... Christophe Godin
    A stochastic model of phyllotaxis can explain the striking irregularities observed in the spiral patterns of plants and predicts that perturbation patterns provide key information about the underlying biochemical mechanisms.
    1. Computational and Systems Biology
    2. Chromosomes and Gene Expression

    Metabolic network rewiring of propionate flux compensates vitamin B12 deficiency in C. elegans

    Emma Watson, Viridiana Olin-Sandoval ... Albertha JM Walhout
    The roundworm C. elegans transcriptionally activates five genes comprising an alternate propionate breakdown pathway when dietary vitamin B12 is low or when the canonical pathway is compromised.
    1. Neuroscience

    Bottom-up and top-down influences at untrained conditions determine perceptual learning specificity and transfer

    Ying-Zi Xiong, Jun-Yun Zhang, Cong Yu
    Perceptual learning is specific because of the absence of bottom-up stimulation and top-down modulation at the untrained conditions.
    1. Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics
    2. Microbiology and Infectious Disease

    Bile salt receptor complex activates a pathogenic type III secretion system

    Peng Li, Giomar Rivera-Cancel ... Kim Orth
    Microbial genetics and biophysical analyses provide insight into an evolutionarily conserved bile salt receptor complex used by pathogenic bacteria to sense their environment.
    1. Neuroscience

    Basal ganglia output reflects internally-specified movements

    Mario J Lintz, Gidon Felsen
    The basal ganglia may preferentially influence movements based on internal goals rather than those guided by external stimuli.
    1. Computational and Systems Biology
    2. Neuroscience

    CO2-evoked release of PGE2 modulates sighs and inspiration as demonstrated in brainstem organotypic culture

    David Forsberg, Zachi Horn ... Eric Herlenius
    Novel brainstem organotypic cultures that generate rhythmic respiratory motor activity reveal the neural networks that control breathing and a new pathway in the hypercapnic response.
    1. Neuroscience

    Repeated social defeat stress enhances glutamatergic synaptic plasticity in the VTA and cocaine place conditioning

    Claire E Stelly, Matthew B Pomrenze ... Hitoshi Morikawa
    Enhanced glutamatergic synaptic plasticity in mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons may contribute to repeatedly stressed rats becoming more vulnerable to addiction.
    1. Computational and Systems Biology
    2. Immunology and Inflammation

    Affinity and dose of TCR engagement yield proportional enhancer and gene activity in CD4+ T cells

    Karmel A Allison, Eniko Sajti ... Christopher K Glass
    Pre-existing enhancers interpret T cell signaling strength in an analogue manner to direct quantitative changes in gene expression within the context of an overall digital response.
    1. Microbiology and Infectious Disease

    N6-methyladenosine of HIV-1 RNA regulates viral infection and HIV-1 Gag protein expression

    Nagaraja Tirumuru, Boxuan Simen Zhao ... Li Wu
    Human proteins that add or remove the methyladenosine modification of cellular RNA, or recognize methylated RNA significantly affect HIV-1 infection or viral protein synthesis in cells, suggesting an important role for HIV-1 RNA methylation in regulating viral replication.
    1. Cell Biology

    53BP1 and USP28 mediate p53-dependent cell cycle arrest in response to centrosome loss and prolonged mitosis

    Chii Shyang Fong, Gregory Mazo ... Meng-Fu Bryan Tsou
    Tumor Protein p53 Binding Protein 1 and Ubiquitin Specific Peptidase 28 engage p53 to promote mitotic efficiency.
    1. Neuroscience

    Dopamine and opioid systems interact within the nucleus accumbens to maintain monogamous pair bonds

    Shanna L Resendez, Piper C Keyes ... Brandon J Aragona
    The neural mechanisms that underlie the maintenance of social bonds between prairie voles suggest that social support networks may be a powerful way of treating addiction.
    1. Developmental Biology

    Glucocorticoid receptor-PPARα axis in fetal mouse liver prepares neonates for milk lipid catabolism

    Gianpaolo Rando, Chek Kun Tan ... Walter Wahli
    Glucocorticoid receptor directly regulates the transcriptional activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated alpha (PPARα) before birth in anticipation of the sudden shifts in the postnatal nutrient source and metabolic demands.